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The pioneering work carried out by the French scientist Alfred Jost in the mid-20th century clearly showed that, in the mammalian foetus, the internal and external genitalia virilize whenever the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes, whereas they undergo the female pathway when no testicular tissue is present, regardless of the existence or absence of the ovarian […]

Article highlights Lavender and tree tea oils have in vitro oestrogenic and antiandrogenic activity. It has been postulated that these oils may cause prepubertal gynaecomastia and premature thelarche. The association is based on a small number patients (N=12) described in five publications. Based upon the amount of dermal penetration of the oils or their constituents and the […]

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is an innate error in the biosynthesis of adrenal steroids, which triggers a wide range of consequences based on the level of the enzyme blockade. A deficiency in the enzyme 21-α-hydroxylase is the most frequent cause, presenting with different degrees of virilization in women, and may or may not present with the […]

Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one the oldest infectious diseases known to man. Eradication of TB has proven to be a challenge, despite the monumental efforts of the World Health Organization (WHO).1 The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensive drug-resistant TB, in both previously-treated and new patients, particularly in high burden areas […]

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) of Asia and Africa, which have a high burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and malnutrition. It is epidemic in these regions being associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.1 Though, TB incidence is declining at about 2% per year […]

The clinical connection between metabolic health and vascular disease is well-known.1–4 While an association between obesity and diabetes has been historically described, the past century has witnessed the evolution of broader understanding in vasculo-metabolic health.1–4 In 1923, the Swedish physician Kylin described an association between hypertension, hyperglycemia, and gout.5 Since then, several developments progressively led to the recognition […]

Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels. According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2017 data, there were 425 million persons with DM worldwide, and that is expected to reach 629 million by 2045.1 Normal sexual health is a dynamic and harmonious state involving erotic and reproductive experiences, […]

The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing at a rate of 7% a year; there were an estimated 62,450 cases diagnosed in the US in 2015 alone. The majority of this rise in incidence is explained by the growing number of incidentally detected well-differentiated, early-stage or ‘low-risk’ papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs).3 There is a growing […]

Prolactinomas are the commonest pituitary tumours with a prevalence varying from 0.3 to 0.5 per 1,000 in the general population. This affection has a large female predominance and a median age of 30 years at diagnosis.1 Prolactinomas in men are characterised by a larger size and a higher frequency of compressive symptoms, invasiveness and resistance […]