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The pioneering work carried out by the French scientist Alfred Jost in the mid-20th century clearly showed that, in the mammalian foetus, the internal and external genitalia virilize whenever the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes, whereas they undergo the ...
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is generally defined as “any degree of glucose tolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy”.1 It currently is one of the diseases with the highest morbidity among pregnant women.2 Determining its prevalence has been a ...
Article highlights Epigenetics refers to the heritable changes in DNA expression without changes in the genetic code. Epigenetic changes are brought about by post-translational modifications of histone proteins, covalent modifications of DNA bases and microRNA. Epigenetics explains how environmental milieu ...
Long-chain fatty-acid oxidation disorders (LC-FAODs) are pan-ethnic, autosomal recessive, inherited metabolic conditions causing disruption in the processing or transportation of fats into the mitochondria to perform beta oxidation.1 In normal metabolism, long-chain fatty acids are bound to carnitine within the ...
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that affects many people around the world. Sedentary lifestyle is considered a main risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). As presented in this editorial, the advantages of activity in preventing and treating ...
Diabetes distress is a common occurrence in people diagnosed with diabetes.1 It is defined as an emotional response characterised by extreme apprehension, discomfort or dejection, due to perceived inability in coping with the challenges and demands of living with diabetes.2 ...
Monocarboxylate transporter 8 is an important thyroid hormone transporter Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for the normal growth and development of many tissues, particularly the brain. TH is the common name for the prohormone thyroxine (3,3’,5,5’-tetraiodo-L-thyronine, T4), which is the predominant ...
The human foetus is capable of producing thyroid hormones at around 20 weeks of gestation. Even in the rare event that there happens to be a defect in thyroid organogenesis or an inborn error in thyroid hormone synthesis, the developing foetal ...
Diabetes in Pregnancy It has been estimated that type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes mellitus (DM) affect at least 1 % of pregnancies.1 Gestational diabetes, which is characterised by glucose intolerance of variable severity that begins or is first diagnosed ...
The global obesity pandemic has been well documented and affects both high- and low-income countries.1 In the US, two-thirds of adults are classified as either overweight or obese.2,3 In tandem with the high prevalence of obesity is a change in ...
The global obesity pandemic has been well documented and affects both high- and low-income countries.1 In the US, two-thirds of adults are classified as either overweight or obese.2,3 In tandem with the high prevalence of obesity is a change in ...
Since the description of Turner syndrome (TS) in 1938, a wealth of information has been added and our current understanding of the syndrome is continuously being broadened. The syndrome affects only females and care must include the close collaboration of several ...
The ability of an organism to respond to stressful stimuli is fundamentally important to that organism’s continuing survival. Recognition of a stressor elicits a range of physiological changes that enable the organism to cope and to facilitate the restoration ...
There are three gonadotrophic hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), produced by the anterior pituitary gland, and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), produced by placental trophoblasts. Besides stimulating gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis, these hormones have stimulatory effects on the ...
The Indian economist Amartya Sen wrote in 2001 that, ‘gender inequality has many faces’.1 Despite rapid progress in many parts of the world, the many faces of inequality between women and men, girls and boys remain widespread and have critical implications ...
According to the last American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommendations, it is possible to demonstrate an abnormality in carbohydrate metabolism, diagnostic for diabetes, by measurement of fasting plasma glucose (glycaemia ≥126mg/dl, i.e. ≥7.0mmol/l) or after a ...
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