Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy, is a complex autoimmune disorder driven by an interplay of immune cells, orbital fibroblasts and tissue remodelling factors that lead to inflammation, oedema and, ultimately, potential vision loss.1 While the disease ...

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigate the efficacy of teprotumumab, a novel monoclonal antibody, in reducing proptosis for patients with long-duration thyroid eye disease (TED). While teprotumumab has shown promise in treating active TED, its effectiveness in chronic cases remained ...

Immune checkpoints are small molecules that are present on the cell surface of T lymphocytes to regulate the immune response. While some of these molecules enhance the stimulatory signals, others boost the inhibitory signals to blunt the activity of T ...

The armamentarium of anticancer drugs available to an oncologist has grown rapidly over the past few decades. The use of cancer immunotherapy and targeted therapy has become more popular in the last few years. It has also become increasingly clear ...

The year 2016 has been an exciting one in the world of thyroid disease, marking a new era for both research and clinical management. As a subspecialty, we are continuously re-evaluating not only our current treatment strategies, but also our classification ...

Functions of B Cells and Their Role in Autoimmune Disease Functions of B Cells and Their Role in Autoimmune Disease Although B lymphocytes are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease through autoantibody production,1 many recent studies of ...

Welcome to the latest edition of European Endocrinology, where, as usual, you will find a broad spectrum of topics addressed in the selection of review articles contained within. The articles have been chosen due to their relevance to clinical practice, ...

Functions of B Cells and Their Role in Autoimmune DiseaseAlthough B lymphocytes are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease through autoantibody production,1 many recent studies of B-cell function carried out in experimental animal models have shown that ...

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease is the most common form of thyroid hyperfunction in iodine-sufficient areas. Ultimately, it is caused by autoantibodies that interact with the thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) receptors on thyroid follicular cells – i.e. the TSH-receptor antibody (...