Search Results

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional, 766-amino acid, type 2 transmembrane glycoprotein, which participates in the regulation of metabolic functions, immune and inflammatory responses, cancer growth and cell adhesion.1 It has two forms: the first is a membrane-bound form, which is extensively expressed in the body, including the cells of the immune system, haematopoietic cells, […]

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to pose an ever-greater global health challenge, with 1.31 billion individuals predicted to be living with diabetes globally by 2050; the majority of whom will have T2D.1 Closely linked to T2D is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD); defined as liver steatosis, identified on biopsy or imaging, in the presence of […]

Cushing’s disease (CD) is caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma, or rarely carcinoma, and is considered a highly morbid endocrine disorder with few medical options.1,2 Although transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS) is the mainstay of treatment for this disease, up to one-third of the patients eventually relapse and are required to be treated with a […]

Acromegaly is a chronic disease caused by an excess of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).1,2 Besides facial and acral changes, systemic complications lead to decreased quality of life and survival rates.3 The primary goal of acromegaly treatment is to normalize biochemical parameters, which significantly reduces the risks of complications and comorbidities associated with […]

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most common chronic noncommunicable diseases, its incidence is exponentially increasing and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.1 As of 2021, T2D ranked among the top causes of premature death and was responsible for more than 6.5 million deaths.2 Currently, approximately 537 million people (over […]

The incidence of diabetes has increased in recent years, and advances in technology have allowed for multiple ways to predict the outcomes of patients with diabetes, and have improved quality of life and lowered morbidity and mortality.1 For decades, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) has been used as a marker of long-term glycaemic control, and its usefulness as […]

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a disease with a complex aetiopathogenesis that leads to a wide variety of metabolic disorders. This includes, by definition, high plasma glucose levels, but also elevated blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, cardiorenal complications and strokes. All of these disorders, beyond the progressive beta cell failure, derive from insulin resistance (IR).1 Among the many […]

Non–alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of fatty liver diseases, including non–alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non–alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).1 NAFLD is associated with metabolic disorders, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome.2 The diagnosis of NAFLD requires ≥5% histologic or imaging evidence of hepatic steatosis, with exclusion of secondary causes of hepatic steatosis, such as significant alcohol consumption, hereditary disorders and […]

Article highlights Epigenetics refers to the heritable changes in DNA expression without changes in the genetic code. Epigenetic changes are brought about by post-translational modifications of histone proteins, covalent modifications of DNA bases and microRNA. Epigenetics explains how environmental milieu such as diet, physical activity, circadian rhythm, intrauterine malnutrition or maternal obesity interact with the genome of […]