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Hyperthyroidism is prevalent in 0.1–2.5% of the population, and Graves’ disease is diagnosed in 80% of patients with hyperthyroidism.1,2 This condition arises from the uncontrolled, excessive activation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor by autoreactive TSH-receptor antibodies.2 Elevated thyroid hormones in hyperthyroidism result in a hyperdynamic circulatory state, leading to an increase in cardiac contractility, resting heart […]

Amyloid goiter (AG) is a benign condition characterized by the deposition of amorphous proteinaceous material in the thyroid gland to an extent that results in detectable enlargement during clinical evaluation.1–3 Amyloid can infiltrate the thyroid gland in 15–50% of individuals with primary amyloidosis (known as “amyloid light chain” or AL amyloidosis) and in 20–80% of patients […]

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) of Asia and Africa, which have a high burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and malnutrition. It is epidemic in these regions being associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.1 Though, TB incidence is declining at about 2% per year […]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, is a heterogeneous androgen-excess disorder with different degrees of reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions.1 Thyroid disorders are also quite common and are among the most common endocrine disorders worldwide.2,3 Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is defined as an elevation of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels beyond […]

Hyperthyroidism is a disease characterised by excess thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion from the thyroid gland. It is most frequently caused by Graves’ disease and toxic nodular goiter. Systemic complications involving the respiratory, cardiac and gastrointestinal systems, as well as ocular manifestations, such as exophthalmos, can be caused by hyperthyroidism. Common cardiologic complications are atrial […]

In children, hyperthyroidism occurs less commonly compared to hypothyroidism, yet it is far more symptomatic.1 Hyperthyroidism in children is mostly due to autoimmunity, predominantly as a result of Graves’ disease.2 Non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism (NAH) is a rare cause of hyperthyroidism in children. The existence of a non-autoimmune form of goitrous hyperthyroidism was first hypothesized in 1982, […]

Palpation and physical exam remain an important part of thyroid evaluation, and while nodular discovery has increased overall, the prevalence of palpable thyroid nodules has not changed significantly since the 1960s, and remains around 3–7%.1–5 Currently, ultrasonography of the neck area has incidentally identified thyroid nodules with an incidence of 30–70 %,6,7 and unrelated computerized tomography (CT) […]

Thyroid abscess is rare, accounting for less than 0.7% of surgical pathologies involving the thyroid gland.1,2 This is attributed to its rich blood supply and lymphatic drainage, high concentration of iodine that inhibits bacterial growth, protective fibrous capsule, and fascial planes separating it from other neck structures.2–4 Patients with a thyroid abscess usually associate their […]