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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial, multifaceted syndrome that affects women across all ages from adolescence to post-menopause. It is reported to be the most common endocrinopathy in women of the reproductive age group.1 The nature of this syndrome is such that it requires support and intervention from multiple medical and allied specialties. The treatment […]

Metformin Metformin has been recommended as the first-line glucose-lowering agent for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) for several decades due to its efficacy and safety profile.1–3 In fact, metformin has been widely used as an insulin-sensitizing agent for not only T2D but also pre-diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome. The common side effects of metformin are […]

Tirzepatide is a first-in-class novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)/glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (twincretin), formulated as a synthetic peptide containing 39 amino acids based on the native GIP.1 Tirzepatide has a GIP receptor-binding affinity comparable with native GIP and five times lower GLP-1 receptor affinity than native GLP-1.1 Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMs) have been […]

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to pose an ever-greater global health challenge, with 1.31 billion individuals predicted to be living with diabetes globally by 2050; the majority of whom will have T2D.1 Closely linked to T2D is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD); defined as liver steatosis, identified on biopsy or imaging, in the presence of […]

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most common chronic noncommunicable diseases, its incidence is exponentially increasing and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.1 As of 2021, T2D ranked among the top causes of premature death and was responsible for more than 6.5 million deaths.2 Currently, approximately 537 million people (over […]

The incidence of diabetes has increased in recent years, and advances in technology have allowed for multiple ways to predict the outcomes of patients with diabetes, and have improved quality of life and lowered morbidity and mortality.1 For decades, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) has been used as a marker of long-term glycaemic control, and its usefulness as […]

The incidence of youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing.1,2 Growing evidence has demonstrated that youth-onset T2D is rapidly progressive, with earlier onset of life-limiting complications compared with adult-onset T2D.3,4 Initiation of effective treatment that can restore beta cell function is critical. Until 2019, metformin and insulin were the only medications approved by the United States […]

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a disease with a complex aetiopathogenesis that leads to a wide variety of metabolic disorders. This includes, by definition, high plasma glucose levels, but also elevated blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, cardiorenal complications and strokes. All of these disorders, beyond the progressive beta cell failure, derive from insulin resistance (IR).1 Among the many […]