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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is generally defined as “any degree of glucose tolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy”.1 It currently is one of the diseases with the highest morbidity among pregnant women.2 Determining its prevalence has been a real challenge for the scientific community due to multiple modifications in the diagnostic criteria established in 1964 […]

Obesity defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health, is a chronic disease linked to metabolic co-morbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, a reduced life expectancy, economic burden and reduced quality of life.1 Worldwide obesity rates nearly tripled from 1975 to 2016, with over 650 million adults […]

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium, or the supportive tissues around the tooth, which includes the gingival tissue, alveolar bone, cementum and the periodontal ligament.1 Caused by pathogenic bacteria, this disease has been recognized for at least 5,000 years and has been related to diverse risk factors, such as the presence of plaque […]

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease secondary to the destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the islets of the pancreas. Environmental factors presumably trigger the disease in genetically susceptible individuals, leading to a lifetime dependency on exogenous insulin.1 The risk of T1DM in the general population is 0.4% but increases to 1–9% […]

Highlights Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is evaluated for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. Glycated haemoglobin reduction immediately after EECP therapy conclusion, after 2–4 weeks and after 7–12 weeks was -0.70%, 1.04% and 0.98%, respectively. EECP is associated with a significant lowering of blood pressure. EECP significantly lowers the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, a measure […]

Pituitary tumours (PTs) are located in the sella turcica, which surrounds the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. PTs range from asymptomatic incidentalomas to symptomatic aggressive neoplasms, such as invasive neoplasms or pituitary carcinomas.1 Symptomatic lesions can be characterized either by hormonal overproduction or by dysregulation of hormone secretion, and in invasive lesions by tissue destruction and intracranial mass […]

The incidence of diabetes has increased in recent years, and advances in technology have allowed for multiple ways to predict the outcomes of patients with diabetes, and have improved quality of life and lowered morbidity and mortality.1 For decades, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) has been used as a marker of long-term glycaemic control, and its usefulness as […]

Obesity is related to an increased risk of metabolic disease.1 It is well established that excessive body fat is related to increased morbidity and mortality and is associated with inflammation and endothelial damage.2,3 With age, fat infiltration occurs in the muscle, leading to sarcopenia. The association of the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue with a progressive decrease […]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a very common disease, with an incidence of 5−21% in women during their fertile life (18–45 years of age) worldwide.1 PCOS is clinically diagnosed when two of the three 2003 Rotterdam consensus criteria are met: (i) chronic anovulation disorder (in the form of oligo- or anovulation up to amenorrhoea); (ii) clinical (e.g. […]