Hypothyroidism usually presents with subtle signs and symptoms. Rarely, longstanding juvenile hypothyroidism can manifest as a syndromic diagnosis of Van Wyk–Grumbach syndrome (VWGS).1 VWGS presents as early menarche, thelarche, galactorrhoea, delayed bone ageing and multi-cystic ovaries, along with long-standing primary hypothyroidism.2 Reversal to the prepubertal state is typically seen following the appropriate treatment with levothyroxine. The present […]

Thyrolipomatosis is a rare condition defined as a diffuse non-neoplastic infiltration of fatty tissue in the thyroid gland.1 Although fatty infiltration is common in other glands (e.g. salivary glands, parathyroids, thymus and pancreas), it is rare in the thyroid gland.2 If present, it is most frequently nodular (i.e. thyrolipoma) rather than diffuse (i.e. thyrolipomatosis).3 Thus, since the first […]

Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most commonly diagnosed urological neoplasm worldwide.1 Approximately 10–15% of patients already have metastases in lymph nodes, lungs, liver and bones at diagnosis.2,3 Metastatic BC has a poor prognosis, with a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of 10% and median OS of only 15 months.4–6 The vast majority (>90%) of BCs are urothelial […]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a severe public health issue notably impacting human life and health expenditure. Around 9.3% (463 million people) of the global population were living with diabetes in 2019, and this is projected to increase to 10.2% (578 million people) by 2030 and 10.9% (700 million people) by 2045.1,2 Diabetes impacts functional […]

Worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is steadily increasing due to rising levels of obesity over the past 40 years caused by sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy eating habits. Diabetes now ranks ninth among the top ten causes of death worldwide, and the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) has increased more than 80% between […]

Welcome to the latest edition of touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology, which includes a broad range of articles selected for their evaluation of current practices and research that directly affect endocrinologists as well as being of interest to the wider biomedical community. We begin with an editorial from Robert Hegele on the subject of targeted reduction of apolipoprotein […]

Recent advances in technology have changed the landscape for managing diabetes treatment. Thanks to innovations such as connected insulin pens, sensor-augmented pump systems, automated insulin delivery, integrated mobile applications and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, people with diabetes now have access to devices that are easier to use and far less invasive than those available […]

Over 37 million people in the USA live with diabetes mellitus, equating to over 11% of the population.1 The large majority of these individuals (around 90–95%) have type 2 diabetes (T2D).1 Approximately 40% of patients T2D develop chronic kidney disease (CKD), with CKD in diabetes being the leading cause of kidney failure and need for kidney-replacement therapy […]

The development of effective therapies for the management of cancer in childhood has led to outstanding improvements in survival over the past decades. With this, a growing population of childhood cancer survivors are subject to long-term sequelae impacting on health. Endocrine disorders, and especially reproductive function in adulthood, have become an important concern.1 There is a […]