The World Health Organization (WHO) defines older adults as people aged 65 years or older.1 Today, older adults with diabetes mellitus (DM) are a growing population, with 33% of older adults meeting the criteria for DM.2 The risk of DM-related complications is elevated in this population; functional decline, comorbid conditions, hypoglycemia and polypharmacy-related adverse events cause significant […]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting from insulin resistance, inefficient insulin secretion and disproportionate glucagon secretion.1 It has been reported to be an expanding global health issue of the 21st century, and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Western countries.2,3 Interestingly, an increasing number of publications […]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents one of the greatest future public health challenges due, among other consequences, to its elevated burden on economic and human resources within healthcare systems.1 Moreover, the rapid growth of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results in a high incidence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which, together with hypertension, is the main […]

Imeglimin is a novel molecule currently under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is the first agent of the ‘glimin’ class of glucose-lowering medication. Optimal glucose control in type 2 diabetes is a prerequisite for correcting defects in both insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity.1 Imeglimin presents a unique mechanism of action that […]

Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are rare, benign, epithelial tumours of the sellar and parasellar regions arising as embryonic malformations along the pathway of the craniopharyngeal duct.1 They have an incidence of 0.13 per 100,000 per year to 0.5–2.0 per million per year and are classified as grade I tumours according to the 2017 WHO Classification of Tumors of […]

Diabetes is one of the most common co-morbidities associated with hospitalizations for SARS-CoV-2 infection, with recent estimates of diabetes prevalence ranging from 33.8%1 to 58.0%2 among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the USA. Hyperglycemia during the first hours after cardiac arrest is associated with poorer outcomes.3 Previous studies have been unable to consistently examine blood glucose patterns during […]

The clinical presentation of hypocalcemia varies based on the degree and chronicity of the derangement. Although many patients remain asymptomatic, mild symptoms of hypocalcemia include circumoral and extremity paresthesia, Chvostek’s sign and Trousseau’s sign; more severe derangements can present with cardiac arrythmias and seizures.1–3 Chronic hypocalcemia may present with cataracts and basal ganglia calcifications.2,3 Due […]

Nearly 75% of all menopausal women experience bothersome vasomotor symptoms, including hot flushes and night sweats.1 Declining levels of estrogen during menopause lead to a narrowing of the central thermal regulatory neutral tone. Minute changes in core body temperature, as little as 0.8 ± 0.99°C, can often trigger sweating and flushing in both perimenopausal and postmenopausal […]

Long-chain fatty-acid oxidation disorders (LC-FAODs) are pan-ethnic, autosomal recessive, inherited metabolic conditions causing disruption in the processing or transportation of fats into the mitochondria to perform beta oxidation.¹ In normal metabolism, long-chain fatty acids are bound to carnitine within the cytosol of cells, and transported across the mitochondrial membranes. Within the mitochondria, they are then cleaved […]