Listen on the go
CORRECT!
Next question
touchENDOCRINOLOGY touchENDOCRINOLOGY
Diabetes
Read Time: < 1 min

Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and the Metabolic Syndrome

Copy Link
Published Online: Jun 6th 2011 US Endocrinology, 2008;4(2):32-7 DOI: http://doi.org/10.17925/USE.2008.04.2.32
Authors: Ishwarlal Jialal, Rajeev Goyal, Sridevi Devaraj
Quick Links:
Abstract
Article
Article Information
Abstract:
Overview

Metabolic Syndrome
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises a cluster of metabolic abnormalities with insulin resistance and adiposity as its central features, which confer an increased propensity to diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The metabolic abnormalities include central obesity, dyslipidemia (high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein [HDL]), hypertension, and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Five diagnostic criteria have been identified by the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) and the presence of any three features (central obesity, dyslipidemia [high triglycerides, low HDL], hypertension, and IFG) is considered sufficient to diagnose the syndrome.1–3 Twenty-four percent of US adults have the MetS and the prevalence increases with age (44% at 60 years of age).4

Article:

References

  1. Reaven GM, Annu Rev Nutr, 2005;25: 391–406.
  2. Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Lancet, 2005;365(9468): 1415–28.
  3. Haffner S, Cassells HB, Diabetes Obes Metab, 2003;5(6):359–70.
  4. Ford ES, Diabetes Care, 2005;28(11):2745–9.
  5. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, JAMA, 2001;285:2486–97.
  6. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al., JAMA, 2002;288(21):2709–16.
  7. Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutsch SM, et al., Diabetes, 2003;52(5):1210–14.
  8. Hanson RL, Imperatore G, Bennett PH, Knowler WC, Diabetes, 2002;51(10):3120–27.
  9. Freeman D, Norrie J, Sattar N, et al. Circulation, 2001;103:357–62.
  10. Assmann G, Nofer JR, Schulte H, Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2004;33(2):377–92.
  11. Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Biochem J, 1990;265:621–36.
  12. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N, N Engl J Med, 2000;342(12): 836–43.
  13. Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Andus T, Biochem J, 1990;265(3):621–36.
  14. Vozarova B,Weyer C, Hanson K, et al., Obes Res, 2001;9:414–17.
  15. Pickup JC, Mattock MB, Chusney GD, et al., Diabetologia, 1997;40:1286–92.
  16. Devaraj S, Jialal I, Free Radic Biol Med, 2000;29(8):790–92.
  17. Fasshauer M, Paschke R, Diabetologia, 2003;46(12): 1594–1603.
  18. Moller DE, Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2000;11(6):212–17.
  19. Hotamisligil GS, Science, 1993; 259:87–91.
  20. Kern PA, Saghizadeh M, Ong JM, et al., J Clin Invest, 1995;95:2111–19.
  21. Dandona P,Weinstock R, Thusu K, et al., J Clin Endocrinol. Metab, 1998;83:2907–10.
  22. Van Exel E, Gussekloo J, de Craen AJ et al., Diabetes, 2002; 51(4):1088–92.
  23. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Giugliano F, et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2003; 88(3):1055–8.
  24. Jialal I, Devaraj S, Am J Clin Pathol, 2001;(Suppl. 116):S108–15.
  25. Yudkin JS, Kumari M, Humphries SE, et al., Atherosclerosis, 2000;148:209–14.
  26. Festa A, D’Agostino R Jr, Howard G, et al., Circulation, 2000;102(1):42–7.
  27. Vu JD, Vu JB, Pio JR, et al., Am J Cardiol, 2005;96(5):655–8.
  28. Devaraj S, Swarbrick MM, Singh U, et al., Am J Clin Pathol, 2008;129(5): 815–22.
  29. Sugiura K, Tamakoshi K, Yatsuya H, et al., Int J Cardiol, 2008;130(2):159–64.
  30. Ridker PM, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH, Circulation, 1998;97(20): 2007–11.
  31. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N, Circulation, 2003;107(3):391–7.
  32. Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Bang H, et al., Arch Intern Med, 2005;165(21):2479–84.
  33. Downs JR, Clearfield M,Weis S, et al., JAMA, 1998;279(20): 1615–22.
  34. Koenig W, Khuseyinova N, Baumert J, Meisinger C, Clin Chem, 2008;54(2):335–42.
  35. Eiriksdottir G, Aspelund T, Bjarnadottir K, et al., Atherosclerosis, 2006;186(1): 222–4.
  36. Ridker PM, Wilson PW, Grundy SM, Circulation, 2004;109:2818–25.
  37. Wozniak SE, Gee LL,Wachtel MS, Frezza EE, Dig Dis Sci, 2008; epub ahead of print.
  38. Ye J, Int J Obes (Lond), 2008; epub ahead of print.
  39. Rasouli N, Kern PA, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008;93(11 Suppl. 1): S64–73.
  40. Attie AD, Scherer PE, J Lipid Res, 2008; epub ahead of print.
  41. Oda E, Hypertens Res, 2008;31(7):1283–91.
  42. Chandran M, Phillips SA, Ciaraldi T, Henry RR, Diabetes Care, 2003;26: 244–50.
  43. Kondo H, Shimomura I, Matsukawa YE, et al., Diabetes, 2002;51(7):2325–8.
  44. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001; 86(5):1930–35.
  45. Matsuzawa Y, Funashi T, Kihar S, Shimomura I, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2004;24: 29–33.
  46. Pellme F, Smith U, Funahashi T, et al., Diabetes, 2003;52:1182–6.
  47. Snehalatha C, Mukesh B, Simon M, et al., Diabetes Care, 2003;26:3226–9.
  48. Lu JY, Huang KC, Chang LC, et al., J Biomed Sci, 2008;15(5):565–76.
  49. Phillips LK, Prins JB, Curr Hypertens Rep, 2008;10(2):156–64.
  50. Sutherland JP, McKinley B, Eckel RH, Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 2004;2(2):82–104.
  51. Beltowski J, Jamroz-Wisniewska A, Widomska S, Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets, 2008;8(1):7–46.
  52. Devaraj S, Torok N, Dasu MR, et al., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2008;28(7):1368–74.
  53. Beltowski J, Atherosclerosis, 2006; 189(1):47–60.
  54. Martin SS, Qasim A, Reilly MP, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008;52(15):1201–10.
  55. Dubey L, Hesong Z, Exp Clin Cardiol, 2006;11(4):269–75.
  56. Lago R, Gómez R, Lago F, et al., Cell Immunol, 2008;252(1–2):139–45.
  57. Matarese G, Mantzoros C, La Cava A, Curr Pharm Des, 2007;13(36):3676–80.
  58. Wallace AM, McMahon AD, Packard CJ, et al., Circulation, 2001;104(25):3052–6.
  59. Calabrò P, Limongelli G, Pacileo G, et al., J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown), 2008;9(5):450–60.
  60. Asano T, Sakosda H, Fujishiro M, et al., Curr Diabetes Rev, 2006;2(4):449–54.
  61. Gómez-Ambrosi J, Frühbeck G, Curr Diabetes Rev, 2005;1(3):227–34.
  62. Bárány P, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P, Am J Nephrol, 2008;29(5):447–53.
  63. Kowalska I, Straczkowski M, Adamska A, et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008;93(7):2786–9.
  64. Lewis JG, Shand BI, Elder PA, Scott RS, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2008;80(1):e13–15.
  65. Takebayashi K, Suetsugu M,Wakabayashi S, et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007;92(7):2712–19.
  66. Tamura Y, Sugimoto M, Murayama T, et al., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2008;28(12):2195–2201.
  67. Blanco-Colio LM, Martín-Ventura JL, de Teresa E, et al., Am Heart J, 2007;153(5):881–8.
  68. Linton MF, Fazio S, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2003;27 (Suppl. 3):S35–40.
  69. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, et al., Circulation, 1998;98(9):839–44.
  70. Yang RZ, Lee MJ, Hu H, et al., PLoS Med, 2006;3(6):e287.
  71. Vague P, Juhan-Vague I, Chabert V, et al., Metabolism, 1989;38:913–15.
  72. McGill JB, Schneider DJ, Arfken CL, et al., Diabetes, 1994;43:104–9.
  73. Janand-Delenne B, Chagnaud C, Raccah D, et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 1998;22:312–17.
  74. Sakkinen PA,Wahl P, Cushman M, et al., Am J Epidemiol, 2000;152:897–907.
  75. Juhan-Vague I, Pyke SD, Alessi MC, et al., Circulation, 1996;94:2057–63.
  76. Festa A, D’Agostino R Jr, Mykkanen L, et al., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1999;19:605–10.
  77. Meigs JB, Mittleman MA, Nathan DM, et al., JAMA, 2000;283:221–8.
  78. Gomes VA, Casella-Filho A, Chagas AC, Nitric Oxide, 2008;19(4):345–50.
  79. Fortuno A, Jose GS, Moreno MU, et al., Diabetes, 2006;55:209–15.
  80. Bedard K, Krause H, Physiol Rev, 2007;87: 245–313.
  81. Cardona F, Túnez I, Tasset I, et al., EJCI, 2008; 38(7),510–15.

Further Resources

Share this Article
Related Content In Diabetes
Diabetes
Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: A Deadly Synergy
Damien Leith, Yeun Yi Lin, Paul Brennan Read Time: 10 mins

touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology. 2024;20(2):Online ahead of journal publication

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to pose an ever-greater global health challenge, with 1.31 billion individuals predicted to be living with diabetes globally by 2050; the majority of whom will have T2D.1 Closely linked to T2D is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD); defined as liver steatosis, identified on biopsy or imaging, in the presence of […]

Diabetes
The Placental Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Molecular Perspective
María José Calvo, Heliana Parra, Raquel Santeliz Read Time: 18 mins

touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology. 2024;20(1):Online ahead of journal publication

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is generally defined as “any degree of glucose tolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy”.1 It currently is one of the diseases with the highest morbidity among pregnant women.2 Determining its prevalence has been a real challenge for the scientific community due to multiple modifications in the diagnostic criteria established in 1964 […]

Diabetes
Insights into the Feasibility and Acceptability of a Mobile Insulin Titration Application in Clinical Practice and Its Effects on Diabetes Outcomes
Jodi S Krall, Jason M Ng, Neha Mehrotra Read Time: 13 mins

touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology. 2024;20(1): Online ahead of journal publication

Despite the increasing body of knowledge of treatment strategies for diabetes, many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are still in a persistent state of poor glycaemia.1,2 In clinical practice, achieving optimal glycaemic targets is challenging; the reasons are complex, as both patient- and healthcare provider (HCP)-related factors can play a significant role.3,4 When lifestyle […]

Trending In Diabetes:

Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: A Deadly Synergy
Diabetes
    • Download PDF More Actions
    Copied to clipboard!
    accredited arrow-down-editablearrow-downarrow_leftarrow-right-bluearrow-right-dark-bluearrow-right-greenarrow-right-greyarrow-right-orangearrow-right-whitearrow-right-bluearrow-up-orangeavatarcalendarchevron-down consultant-pathologist-nurseconsultant-pathologistcrosscrossdownloademailexclaimationfeedbackfiltergraph-arrowinterviewslinkmdt_iconmenumore_dots nurse-consultantpadlock patient-advocate-pathologistpatient-consultantpatientperson pharmacist-nurseplay_buttonplay-colour-tmcplay-colourAsset 1podcastprinter scenerysearch share single-doctor social_facebooksocial_googleplussocial_instagramsocial_linkedin_altsocial_linkedin_altsocial_pinterestlogo-twitter-glyph-32social_youtubeshape-star (1)tick-bluetick-orangetick-red tick-whiteticktimetranscriptup-arrowwebinar Sponsored Department Location NEW TMM Corporate Services Icons-07NEW TMM Corporate Services Icons-08NEW TMM Corporate Services Icons-09NEW TMM Corporate Services Icons-10NEW TMM Corporate Services Icons-11NEW TMM Corporate Services Icons-12Salary £ TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-01TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-02TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-03TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-04TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-05TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-06TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-07TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-08TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-09TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-10TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-11TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-12TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-13TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-14TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-15TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-16TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-17TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-18TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-19TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-20TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-21TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-22TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-23TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-24TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-25TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-26TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-27TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-28TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-29TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-30TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-31TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-32TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-33TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-34TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-35TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-36TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-37TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-38TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-39TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-40TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-41TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-42TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-43TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-44TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-45TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-46TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-47TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-48TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-49TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-50TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-51TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-52TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-53TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-54TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-55TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-56TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-57TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-58TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-59TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-60TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-61TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-62TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-63TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-64TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-65TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-66TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-67TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-68TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-69TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-70TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-71TMM-Corp-Site-Icons-72