EUROPEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY – VOLUME 10 ISSUE 1 – SPRING 2014

Obesity continues to pose a substantial health and economic burden in both the developing and developed world. In the US, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 36 % of adults are obese, with non-Hispanic blacks having the highest age-adjusted rates (~50 %). An even bigger concern is the rates of obesity in children […]

Data are considered to merit publication when they are regarded by journal editors as novel, valid, derived using correct study designs and methods and are correctly interpreted. They are then subject to a wholly independent, unbiased and anonymous peer-review process.3–5 This strict but essentially fair system, however, has recently been threatened when published papers that […]

The hippocampus plays an important role in human learning and memory and is known to be vulnerable to the effects of stress and disease.1 Within animal models of type 1 diabetes,2 significant hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia exposure has been shown to cause complex molecular and structural changes in the hippocampus.2,3 Within humans with type 1 diabetes, […]

Globally, type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions and is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature mortality. The total number of people with diabetes worldwide is projected to rise from 366 million in 2012 to 552 million in 2030.1 In 2012, type 2 diabetes imposed direct and indirect costs of […]

Maintaining appropriate glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes can prevent or delay the development and progression of diabetes complications.1–3 Initial pharmacological treatment usually begins with metformin (MET), with a second agent being added once monotherapy is insufficient to provide adequate glycaemic control.3 Over time, a substantial proportion of patients will ultimately require insulin therapy to […]

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder, characterised by hyperglycaemia and associated disturbances, which results from defects in insulin secretion, action or a combination of both. Type 1 diabetes is associated with complete or relative insulin deficiency related to autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic b-cells.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has become a fundamental tool in all those therapeutic applications where the measurement of the concentration and the rate of change of intracorporeal glucose are required, such as in the management of diabetes,1 in the development of closed-loop systems (‘artificial pancreas’)2,3 and tight glycaemic control in critically ill patients.4–6

Diabetes is a global epidemic with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 8.3 % (382 million) in 2013 that is forecast to rise to 10.1 % (592 million) in 2035.1 Type 2 diabetes accounts for >90 % of all cases, and costs an estimated 10–12 % of the world’s health expenditure in 2010 to 2013.1–3 In […]

The total number of people with diabetes worldwide is projected to double by 2030.1,2 Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, these fgures probably underestimate the future prevalence of diabetes.

Diabetes is a metabolic disease consequent to a decrease of insulin activity, which may be due to a reduced availability of this hormone (type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes [IDD]), to an impediment to its normal action or to combination of these two factors (type 2 diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes [NIDDM]).

Current Therapy of Retinal Vascular Disease

Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) is a collective term for a diverse range of neoplasms that arise from cells that originate in the endocrine and nervous systems and share common morphological and immunohistochemical features, including the presence of secretory granules. These tumours can secrete a variety of neuropeptides, which may or may not cause characteristic hormonal symptoms […]

In healthy subjects, cortisol, an endogenous glucocorticoid (GC), is secreted by the adrenal gland in a pulsatile and circadian fashion, with a peak release in the morning at wakening and a nadir at midnight.1 It has been demonstrated that loss of cortisol rhythmicity is associated with fatigue, depression, and metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance.2,3 In […]

The advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients.1 In this context, HIV-infected patients are living longer and are facing several associated morbidities related with ageing, such as diabetes, malignancies, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is characterized by hypercalcemia with a constantly elevated or inappropriately high plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH).